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HAZARD LOG for ROLLING STOCK

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​​HAZARDS ON THE 
VEHICLE LEVEL​​

  • Collision

  • Derailment

  • Driver’s failures, incl. alcohol or drugs

  • Electro-magnetic interferences

  • Electrocution

  • Electrostatic charging of surfaces

  • Ergonomic impacts, safety at work

  • Escaping gases or liquids

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  • Excessive acceleration / deceleration

  • Excessive vehicle speed is undetected

  • Fire and smoke, evacuation, explosion

  • Hot parts and surfaces

  • Management of emergency cases

  • Start movement in wrong direction

  • Noise emissions / excessive noise level

  • Pressure impulses inside vehicle

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  • Restricted visibility for vehicle driver

  • Toxic materials applied inside vehicle

  • Unintended departure from standstill

  • Unauthorized access to vehicle

  • Vehicle parts detached while running

  • Vehicle comes to a standstill in a tunnel

  • Vehicle comes to a standstill on a bridge

  • Hazards related to special vehicle category

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​​HAZARDS FROM THE 
RELEVANT SUBSYSTEMS ONBOARD​​

  • Auxiliary drives

  • Bogies and wheel-sets

  • Brakes and wheel slide protection

  • Car body and crash safety

  • Control driver activity

  • Coupling / decoupling

  • Drive chain

  • Energy supply

​​

  • Windows (front, side)

  • Exterior doors

  • Interior doors & Glass panels incl. mirrors

  • External lighting and acoustical signals

  • HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning)

  • Gangways

  • Joining technologies (welding, gluing, riveting)

  • Pantograph / current collector

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  • Power supply

  • Traction battery

  • Running stability

  • Signalling onboard units

  • Train radio communication

  • Unintended traction

  • Vehicle control and monitoring system

  • Vehicle's kinematic gauge

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​HAZARDS FROM THE CLIMATIC
AND GEOGRAPHIC IMPACTS​

​​

  • Extreme climatic conditions

  • Very strong glare from sunlight

  • Extreme high level of snow on rail track

  • Flooded railway tracks

  • Heavy hail

  • Extreme high air humidity

  • Very thick fog

​

  • Side wind

  • Heavy sandstorm

  • Unexpected volcanic eruption

  • Earthquake, tsunami

  • Landslide, rockfall

  • Strong storm throws objects onto rail tracks

  • Poisonous animals nesting in parked vehicles​​​

 

​HAZARDS RELATED
TO VEHICLE CATEGORY​​​​​

​

  • Very high speed and High speed trains

  • Double-deck trains

  • Mainline locomotives

  • Shunting locomotives, incl. radio remote control

  • Metro / Subway / Underground / U-Bahn

  • On–Track Machines (OTM)

  • Monorails / APM

  • Magnetic levitation system (TRANSRAPID / MAGLEV)

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​HAZARDS FROM INTERFACE 
VEHICLE / INFRASTRUCTURE​​

  • Aerodynamic impacts

  • Excessive sand volume on rail tracks

  • Fire or thick smoke near the rail track

  • Faulty communication between the on-board and trackside components of signaling system

  • Obstacles on rail track

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  • Potential for vehicle surfing

  • Persons on level crossings

  • Road vehicles that get stuck at level crossings​​​

  • Suction effect on persons when trains pass by at high speed

  • Toxic substances in the air near rail track

  • Falling catenary damages vehicle​​

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SOURCES FOR IDENTIFYING
ALL RELEVANT HAZARDS​​

​

  • Functional safety standards

  • Machinery safety and fire protection standards

  • European and national railway directives

  • Railway accident investigation reports

  • Annual railway safety reports

  • Vehicle manufacturer’s safety expertise

CYBERSECURITY RAIL

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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 
FOR RAIL CYBERSECURITY

EN IEC 63452 (draft) – Railway applications. Cybersecurity

  • TS 50701: Railway applications – Cybersecurity

  • IEC 62443 series: Security for industrial automation and control systems

  • ISO/IEC 2700 series: Information technology – Security techniques – Information security management systems

  • ISO/IEC 27001 – Information technology – Security techniques – Information Security Management Systems – Requirements

  • EN ISO/IEC 18045 - Information technology - Security techniques - Methodology for IT security evaluation

  • ISO/PAS 8800 – Road vehicles – Safety and artificial intelligence

  • (EU) 2022/2555: Directive on measures for a high common level of cybersecurity (NIS-2)

  • (EU) 2024/2847: Regulation on horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements

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FUNCTIONAL SAFETY RAIL
VERSUS RAIL CYBERSECURITY​

  • Protection targets: 
    Safety: protection of persons / environment against malfunctions of system
    Security: protection of system against attacks from environment

  • Relevant Standards:
    Safety: EN 50126/-28/-29, EN 50657, EN 50159
    Security: IEC 50701, IEC  63452 (draft), IEC 62443

  • Risk analysis and its Updates:
    Safety: Hazard risk analysis. Its frequent changes should be avoided because the system reaches a stable state after initial correction of technical and operating malfunctions
    Security: Threat risk analysis should be updated at least annually, even in the absence of any incident and in order to be able to patch the system in a timely manner.

  • Safety Integrity Levels and Security Levels
    SIL: Related to safety functions to perform their functionality with required integrity against systematic and random technical failures
    SL:  Related to the type of attacker

  • Responsible authorities: 
    Safety: EBA, ERA (EU)  vs.  Security: BSI, ENISA (EU)

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RAIL CYBERSECURITY - 
ENGINEERING SUPPORT​

  • Support vulnerability management, including assessment, analysis, and mitigation

  • Effectively apply security risk analysis methods

  • Determine essential requirements for a customized cybersecurity supervision strategy, aligned with Client’s policy and regulations

  • Conduct cybersecurity testing using appropriate standardized methods

  • Provide process guidance and support by auditing, gap analysis, and process improvements of supervision structures at Client

  • Support the conduct of cybersecurity assessments by assessment bodies

  • Examination of the system under consideration: OP&MA, Rolling Stock, Infrastructure and Signaling systems, Passengers, Freight

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CYBERSECURITY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM (CSMS)​​

  • Governance and Policy Creation

  • Assessment and Scope Definition

  • Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment

  • Implementation and Supervision

  • Regular Security Updates and Patches

  • Incident Response and Operations

  • Auditing and Continuous Improvement

  • Integration in the Processes of Design, Development, Testing, Production and Operation

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OUTPUT CYBERSECURITY DOCUMENTS

​

  • System definition

  • Cyber risk management plan

  • Threat Log, incl. Risk Matrix and Risk Acceptance Principle (RAP)

  • SL Determination

  • System Security Requirements

  • Cybersecurity Case

  • Security-related Application Conditions

  • Cybersecurity Authorization Process

  • Incident Response Playbooks

SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS)

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ORGANISATION OF SMS
AND LEADERSHIP

​

  • Definition of organisation’s responsibilities

  • Management’s leadership and commitment to establish and improve SMS

  • Organisation’s Safety policy and its approval by top management

  • Organisational roles, responsibilities, accountabilities and authorities

  • Consulting of staff in developing, maintaining and improving SMS

  • Manage the risk associated with physical assets and human factors

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PLANNING OF SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

​

  • Risk assessment

  • Risk identification for planned changes in accordance with CSM

  • Safety objectives for relevant functions at relevant levels and planning

  • Strategy of organisation to achieve the specified safety objectives

  • Plans to monitor the achievement of safety objectives

  • Planning, supervision, control of safety measures

  • Management and prevention of emergency situations during operation and maintenance

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SUPPORT OF SAFETY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

​

  • The organization's resources and competences for introducing, implementing, maintaining and continuously improving SMS

  • Awareness for management and staff regarding the correct application and effectiveness of SMS

  • Information and communication channels for safety-related information inside the organisation and with external parties

  • Documentation about SMS integration of human and organisational factors

  • Control potential risks arising from contractors, partners and suppliers

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EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE 
AND IMPROVEMENT

​

  • Supervision and monitoring

  • Internal audits

  • Management reviews of effectiveness of
    Safety Management System

  • Lessons learned from accidents and incidents

  • Continual improvement

  • Change management for safety-relevant changes

  • Ensuring the systematic and safe management of operations, including the safe execution of train journeys

OTHER ENGINEERING SERVICES

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SUPPORT VEHICLE TENDERS FOR
SAFETY & APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS

​

  • Regulatory Framework and Vehicle Approval

  • Product Safety and Functional Safety

  • Vehicle Testing

  • Evidence proof and Documentation

  • Project Management and Quality Management

  • Testing Concepts and Acceptance Process

  • Operation and Maintenance

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PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATIONS FOR
SUBMISSIONS TO AUTHORITY OR BODY

​

  • Review of the client’s original safety and authorization documents that shall be improved

  • Check application of professional terms and abbreviations

  • Check and update the formatting suitable for submission to bodies and authorities

  • Check and update the figures, technical drawings, tables and data sheets

  • Delivery the final versions of the professionally translated documents in desired file formats

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SUPPORT SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
FOR PRODUCT SAFETY

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  • Define system architecture purpose for product safety

  • Shape technical basis for project-specific safety concept based on the railway standards

  • Meet safety targets by suitable hardware and software as system architecture elements

  • Implement measures to avoid systematic failures leading to potential hazards

  • Ensure vehicle engineering references

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INTERIM LEAD FOR SAFETY
AND AUTHORIZATION

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  • ​Identify open items for targeted solutions

  • Lead task forces and supervise time schedules

  • Support management interfaces to engineering, quality, testing, and authorization

  • Conduct peer safety reviews in compliance with client policies and guidelines

  • Ensure final compliance with the relevant standards, guidelines, rules, and regulations

  • Provide interim leadership and expertise for product safety and authorization

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